A large consortium (PEGASUS) study combined data from five population-based case-control studies including 1,325 Parkinson’s Disease (PD) cases and 1,735 controls.A 2012 study considered the variability in the effect of caffeine intake on blood pressure (BP), suggesting that the variability in the acute BP response to coffee may be partly explained by genetic polymorphisms of the adenosine A2A receptors and α2-adrenergic receptors 41.Research suggests that the probability of having the ADORA2A genotype decreases as habitual caffeine consumption increases, meaning that individuals with this genotype may be less sensitive to the effects of caffeine and therefore be more likely to choose caffeinated beverages 16,17,40. Human studies have shown that polymorphisms of these receptors may have an effect on the body 16,17. Genetic variability in caffeine receptors ADORA2A polymorphismĪdenosine A2 receptors are key to the stimulating effect of caffeine (see Mental Performance for further information). Genetics may play a role in determining whether a person experiences side effects from caffeine 16,17. Therefore, when prescribing caffeine-containing medicine or medicines that interact with caffeine metabolism, healthcare professionals should consider whether dosage adjustments or specific advice on caffeine consumption are required 16. Some medicationsĬaffeine pharmacokinetics may be modified by some medical drugs. ![]() Alcohol intake of 50g per day prolongs caffeine half-life by 72% and decreases caffeine clearance by 36% 20.Ĭaffeine does not modify the motor or psychological symptoms of alcoholic intoxication 37 nor does it cancel out the negative effects of alcohol on driving abilities despite its effects on vigilance and reaction time 38,39. Alcohol intakeĪlcohol has an inhibitory effect on CYP1A2 activity (the enzyme involved in caffeine clearance) 36. The use of oral contraceptives almost doubles caffeine half-life, mainly during the second half of the menstrual cycle (the luteal phase) 35. ![]() The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) advises that pregnant women limit their caffeine intake to 200mg from all sources 4. Caffeine metabolism returns to normal a few weeks after delivery 35. This is associated with a reduction in the activity of the main enzyme involved in caffeine metabolism, and a consequent increase in caffeine half-life 35. During pregnancy, caffeine metabolism is reduced, particularly during the third trimester 33,34.
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